Publications & Documents

This report uses rich administrative data from different registers in Greece to evaluate the impact of two types of active labour market policies (ALMPs): wage subsidies and training for unemployed people. The report finds a positive impact of both types of ALMPs and makes recommendations for further improving the effectiveness of Greece’s ALMPs and strengthening the capacity of the authorities to conduct ALMP impact evaluations. This report is the twelfth in a series of country reports on policies to connect people with better jobs. It was produced as part of the OECD’s project with the European Commission which aims to raise the quality of the data collected and their use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of ALMPs.

Digital technologies are having a profound impact on economies, labour markets and societies. They also have the potential to transform government, by enabling the implementation of more accessible and effective services. To support a shift towards digital government, investment is needed in developing the skills of civil servants. This paper reviews good practices across OECD countries to foster skills for digital government. It presents different approaches in public administration to organising training activities as well as opportunities for informal learning. It also provides insights into how relevant skills can be identified through competence frameworks, how they can be assessed, and how learning opportunities can be evaluated.

In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.

Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.

Les compétences sont essentielles pour bâtir une économie et une société résilientes. En aidant les individus à acquérir un large éventail de compétences et en leur donnant les moyens de les mettre efficacement en pratique, les politiques relatives aux compétences jouent un rôle crucial face aux menaces émergentes, comme la dégradation de l’environnement ou les usages néfastes de technologies créées pour recueillir, produire et échanger des informations. La présente édition des Perspectives de l’OCDE sur les compétences montre combien il est important d’aider les individus à acquérir un large éventail de compétences, à des niveaux de maîtrise divers, afin de favoriser la résilience économique et sociale. Le rapport témoigne par ailleurs de l’importance des attitudes et des dispositions dans le développement et l’utilisation efficaces des compétences. Il souligne également la nécessité pour les responsables publics de suivre les coûts associés aux politiques visant à promouvoir la transition écologique et numérique, et met en évidence les effets de cette transition sur les inégalités. Des possibilités de formation qui répondent aux nouveaux besoins du marché du travail et des mesures propres à en faciliter l’accès peuvent favoriser une transition écologique et numérique juste et inclusive. De même, des systèmes éducatifs qui transmettent aux jeunes non seulement des compétences, mais aussi un état d’esprit propice à la gestion du changement, peuvent contribuer à inscrire la transition écologique et numérique dans une perspective de long terme.

This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.