Fertility rates are down as women are having children later or not at all

The total fertility rate dropped from 3.3 children per woman in 1960 to just 1.5 children per woman in 2022, on average across OECD countries. This is significantly below the “replacement level” of 2.1 children per woman needed to keep population constant in the absence of migration. The total fertility rate is low in Italy and Spain, at 1.2 children per woman in 2022, and lowest in Korea, at an estimated 0.7 children per woman in 2023.

This downward trend poses the risk of population decline and serious economic and social challenges for future generations. Personal choices of having children are influenced by a range of factors, including economic and social parenting pressures, as well as changing social attitudes. Multifaceted policy approaches will be needed to assist people’s decision to have children. Countries also need to consider how to adapt their policy strategies to a new “low-fertility future”, including a proactive approach to migration and integration.

> Learn more

Gender equality is central to the Sustainable Development Goals. The OECD monitors policy developments in OECD countries and beyond. It provides country-specific analysis in order to transform harmful social norms and eliminate discriminatory laws.

» Watch all OECD VIDEOS

With a policy environment that embraces innovation, Africa has the potential to design and produce its own e-vehicles and become an innovator in this space. Valerie Labi, co-founder of Africa’s first eBike manufacturer, explores how young Africans can be empowered to design transport solutions that suit their context.

» Explore all OECD PODCASTS

‌

Water pollution is a global issue and the quality of freshwater resources is set to worsen in many countries. What trends should policy makers consider in order to step up their efforts to tackle water pollution? 

» Access OECD BLOGS